Section 3A) First Analogy: Principle of Permanence of Substance (p. 212)

Principle:

In all change of appearances substance is permanent; its quantum in nature is neither increased nor diminished.

Proof:

1. All appearances are in time. Time is the substratum in which (alone) coexistence or succession can be represented.
2. Time itself cannot be perceived. Therefore there must be in the objects perceived the substratum which represents time in general.

Comments:

• Our apprehension of the manifold of appearances is always successive, i.e. always changing. We require an underlying ground which exists at all times.
• It is only in the permanent that relations of time are possible. Permanence expresses time in general.
• Accidents: The determinations of substance, i.e. special ways it exists.
• Inherence: a special kind of existence of the real in substance.
  • i.e. motion as an accident of matter.
  • In distinction from subsistence: the existence of substance.
• Alteration: all that alters persists, only its state changes.
  • Grounded on recognition of permanence.
  • Can be perceived only in substances.
  • Coming-to-be is not alteration, it is absolute and can never be a possible perception.