Kant's Critique of Pure Reason

Kant's Critique of Pure Reason

INTRODUCTION

I. THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN PURE AND EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE. (p. 41)

But it does not follow that it all arises out of experience

A priori: knowledge that is independent of experience and the senses.

Entitled Pure when there is no admixture of anything empirical.

II. WE ARE IN POSSESSION OF CERTAIN MODES OF A PRIORI KNOWLEDGE, AND EVEN THE COMMON UNDERSTANDING IS NEVER WITHOUT THEM. (p. 43)

A proposition which is thought of as necessary is a priori.
- If it is not derived from any proposition except on which also has the validity of a necessary judgment, it is an absolutely a priori judgment.
A proposition which is thought of as universal is a priori.
- Empirical universality is only arbitrary.

III. PHILOSOPHY STANDS IN NEED OF A SCIENCE WHICH SHALL DETERMINE THE POSSIBILITY, THE PRINCIPLES AND THE EXTENT OF ALL A PRIORI KNOWLEDGE. (p. 45)

Certain modes of knowledge leave the field of all possible experience and have the appearance of extending the scope of our judgments beyond the limits of experience.
The unavoidable problems of pure reason are God, freedom and immortality.
Mathematics is an example of how far, independently of experience, we can progress in a priori knowledge.

IV. THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN ANALYTIC AND SYNTHETIC JUDGMENTS (p. 48)

Analytic Judgments: those in which the connection of the predicate with the subject is thought through identity.
Synthetic Judgments: Those in which the connection is thought without identity.
Judgments of experience are all synthetic.

V. IN ALL THEORETICAL SCIENCES OF REASON SYNTHETIC A PRORI JUDGMENTS ARE CONTAINED AS PRINCIPLES. (p. 52)

All mathematical judgments are synthetic.
- They are a priori because they are necessary.
Natural science (physics) contains a priori synthetic judgments as principles.
Metaphysics ought to contain a priori synthetic knowledge.

VI. THE GENERAL PROBLEM OF PURE REASON. (p. 55)

How are a priori synthetic judgments possible?
There is a long section on Hume.

VII. THE IDEA AND DIVISION OF A SPECIAL SCIENCE UNDER THE TITLE "CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON". (p. 58)

Pure Reason: that which contains the principles whereby we know anything absolutely a priori.
Transcendental: all knowledge which is occupied, not so much with objects, as with the mode of our knowledge of objects in so far as this mode is possible a priori.
- The subject-matter is the understanding which passes judgment upon the nature of things, and this understanding again only in respect of its a priori knowledge.
Transcendental Philosophy is only the idea of a science.
- The critique of pure reason has to lay down the complete architectonic plan.
- It is a system of all principles of pure reason.
Sensibility: through which objects are given to us.
Understanding: through which objects are thought.

Forward to the Transcendental Doctrine Of The Elements: TRANSCENDENTAL AESTHETIC

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