Section 1: THE LOGICAL EMPLOYMENT OF THE UNDERSTANDING. (p. 104)

• Without sensibility we cannot have intuition. Therefore, understanding cannot be a faculty of intuition.
• Function: the unity of the act of bringing various representations under one common representation.
• Concepts rest on functions.
• No concept is related to an object immediately, but only to some other representation of it.
• Judgment: the mediate knowledge of an object, i.e. the representation of a representation of it.
• We can reduce all acts of the understanding to judgments.

• If we abstract all content from a judgment, the function of thought in judgment is the Table of Judgments.

• Observations:
  • In syllogisms, a singular judgment can be treated like the universal, but in respect to quantity it stands as unity to infinity and is therefore essentially different.
  • Similarly, infinite judgments must be distinguished from affirmative.
  • All relations of thought in judgments are:
    • of the predicate to the subject (we consider two concepts).
    • of the ground to its consequences (we consider two judgments).
    • of the divided knowledge and of the members of the division, taken together, to each other (we consider several judgments in their relation to each other).
  • Modality of judgments contributes nothing to the concept of judgments but only concerns the value of the copula in relation to thought in general.
    • Problematic: affirmation or negation is taken as merely possible.
    • Assertoric: affirmation or negation is taken as true (real).
    • Apodeictic: affirmation or negation is taken as necessary.

• Synthesis: the act of putting different representations together, and of grasping what is manifold in them in one act of knowledge.
  • Considered pure if the manifold is not empirical.
  • Synthesis is what first gives rise to knowledge, i.e. it is not analysis.
  • It is an act of the imagination.
• Pure synthesis gives us pure concepts of the understanding.
• The Categories have derivative concepts called predicables.
  • i.e. under causality go force, action, passion.

• Observations:
  • The four classes could instead be divided into two groups:
    • Mathematical: concerned with objects of intuition either pure or empirical.
    • Dynamical: concerned with existence of objects in their relation to each other or to the understanding.
  • Third category in each class arises from the combination of the first two.

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